The classical ending of the tragedy of “the Gospel” of Mark
By neilgodfrey
Mark’s penchant for ironic reversals is well-known. We run into difficulties, however, when we stop short and fail to see irony in his account of Peter, the twelve, and even the nature of the work itself as a “gospel”. Mark loves paradoxes: the cross is both a shame and a glory; life is only found through death; honour through dishonour; Peter’s confession is both the high point and low of his career; and on an on — enough to fill an entire book like Jerry Camery-Hoggatt’s Irony in Mark’s Gospel. So it need not be surprising that his gospel would, ironically, embody a tragedy.
The good news (gospel) of Jesus Christ is also the tragedy of his disciples. Jesus is “good news” for the gospeller’s audience, but the narrative is also a tragic warning to that same audience. The disciples in Mark serve the same function as the Israel (the many Israel’s really, generation after generation) in the Jewish scriptures. They are a warning and spiritual lesson to whatever the audience of the day who were to see themselves as the “new Israel”. (I have shown in an earlier post that the evidence for the historicity of the Twelve — especially as argued by John P. Meier — is so thin as to be virtually nonexistent.)
Tragedies, whether Latin, Greek, Jewish or Mesopotamian, very often had a conclusion that indicated a final horrific reversal of themes and images found in their beginnings. These conclusions could also be abrupt. Too abrupt for modern tastes.
I touched on these points in one of the first posts I ever composed for this blog — Those Strange NT Endings (Mark, John, Acts).
I was recently reminded of the thematic and literary correpondences between the Histories of the Greek historian, Herodotus, and Israel’s Primary History (Genesis to 2 Kings) and once again I could not help comparing the Gospel of Mark. It’s original ending — at 16:8 — is a perfectly coherent one when the tragic side of the gospel is recognized. (Mark 16:9-20 is not found in the earliest manuscripts or evidence for this gospel, and can be shown to be a later addition by a scribe conflating elements of the endings of Matthew and Luke.)
Note the allusions to the beginnings, and their tragic reversals . . . .
* The reference to Peter at the end (16:7) is a classic reminder of the failure of a lead character, certainly the leading disciple, in whom so much hope had once resided.
* Just as the would be victors (spiritually) had come out from Jerusalem into the wilderness to seek salvation (from a messenger of Jesus), . . .
* and just as others initially followed Jesus himself, leaving all of their old world, family and home, behind, . . .
* so at the end they come seeking near Jerusalem, now become the spiritual wilderness, in the place of tombs, Jesus. . . .
* They see, however, a messenger of Jesus — as at the beginning.
* Instead of following where Jesus is going on ahead, they instead flee in fear, thus losing their (eternal) lives.
This is exactly how we could expect the “gospel” of Mark to conclude if it is understood as a tragedy of the “old Israel”, the “old wineskins“, for the spiritual profit of the “new” people of God, Mark’s original audiences.
The Histories of Herodotus is likewise an historical tragedy. Modern studies of Herodotus have opened up the view of his Histories as a theological narrative, with its regular references to Greek relations with Apollo and the theme of hubris against a deity. The Persians are the obvious primary victim of this hubris, but more significantly, their consequent tragic sufferings and final fall is written as a philosophical or even theological lesson for the Greek audience of Herodotus. He is warning his own race against hubris, and even narrates beginning signs of this among the Athenians as they begin to emerge triumphant over the Persians.
There is probably little need to explain the Primary History as a similar tragedy.
So it is, I think, an interesting exercise to compare their endings with each other, and both with that of the Gospel of Mark. Of course these are not the only tragedies. I could also bring in some Greek plays that were well known throughout the Hellenistic and early Roman eras. But I think in this literary context, it can be less problematic to accept 16:8 as the original ending of this gospel, er, tragedy.
The Ending of Herodotus’s Histories: (Online text begins here)
1. It ends abruptly. No epilogue or similar concluding summary or comment.
2. Reference is made to the key figure at the beginning of the book, King Cyrus. The original hope of Cyrus at the beginning is brought to remembrance at the time of the tragic failure, through hubris, of the Persians.
3. As foretold by the narrator in book 7, the Persian governor of the last Persian city in Greece was crucified. This was at the exact same spot where the awe-inspiring bridge between the continents of Asia and Europe had been earlier built.
4. The Persians are forced to retreat back to Asia where they had advanced from in ignominious defeat.
Also noteworthy by way of conclusion:
* The last city of the Persians in Europe was long besieged, suffered extreme hardships, was deserted by its governor . . .
* Its governor, Artayctes, fled, was captured, returned in chains, crucified, and forced to witness the butchering of his son.
The conclusion of the Jewish Primary History: (Genesis to 2 Kings)
1. It ends abruptly. In failure.
2. Allusion is made to Joseph, a patriarchal founder of Israel, by the imprisoning of Jaehoichin, and lifting him out of prison to sit with the king.
3. The last of the Israelites return ignominiously to where they had originated — Egypt and Babylonia.
Also noteworthy
* The city of the hope of David was long besieged, sufferend extreme hardships, and was deserted by its king . . .
* Its king, Zedekiah, fled, was captured, returned in chains and was forced to witness the butchering of his sons before being blinded.
And to recap . . . .
The end of the Gospel of Mark: (16:1-8)
1. It ends abruptly. In failure.
2. Reference is made to the key figure at the beginning of the book, Peter, the one in whom rested the most hope, but who had proved himself to be ashamed of Jesus before men.
3. Just as people had come from Jerusalem to the wilderness to hear the messenger clothed in wild garments proclaim Jesus, so at the end the people in Jerusalem (the spiritual wilderness), the city of the hope of David, come to the tombs to seek Jesus, but see instead a messenger in fine garments proclaim Jesus. As the people had come out from Jerusalem to follow, and as the disciples had followed, they now flee in fear. Jesus goes on ahead, but they no longer follow as before.
And of course
* The disciples (both men and women), on facing persecution, fled from Jesus . . .
* Jesus was crucified, an event which is at least twice, maybe thrice, linked to the final destruction of Jerusalem (11:15; 13:2; 15:38)
Monday, September 21, 2009
1998 thermonuclear test was a dud: Santhanam
1998 thermonuclear test was a dud: Santhanam
IANS
First Published : 21 Sep 2009 07:19:16 PM IST
Last Updated : 21 Sep 2009 08:57:42 PM IST
NEW DELHI: Rebutting National Security Advisor M.K. Narayanan's assertions, K. Santhanam, the scientist who was involved in India's nuclear tests in 1998, Monday reiterated that the thermonuclear device exploded by India had not worked according to design expectations and showed photographs of the site that had no crater.
Santhanam, along with physicist Ashok Parthasarthi, had last week written an article in The Hindu newspaper that questioned the official version that India's May 1998 nuclear tests were a success.
The NSA told a television channel in an interview that Santhanam and other scientists had ulterior motives and they were not privy to the classified information to come to that conclusion.
"He is barking up the wrong tree," responded Santhanam at a media interaction at the Indian Women's Press Corps.
He said there were "several inaccuracies in that statement".
The scientist recalled that after the tests when they visited the shaft of the thermonuclear device at Pokhran in Rajasthan, it was found "by and large undamaged".
In contrast, the fission bomb explosion at the time which had a yield of 20-25 kiloton, left behind a large crater, he said.
He noted that there was immediate reservation among some scientists "whether the thermonuclear device had actually worked to design expectations".
A classified technical study report was submitted to the government towards 1998-end.
"Thereafter, a meeting was held in which scientists from DRDO and BARC participated. Despite fairly long discussions the two agencies agreed to disagree," said Santhanam.
The chairman of that meeting had said the matter would be taken to the minister concerned, who would charter the future course, Santhanam recounted.
He was answering a query on why he chose to go public after so many years. "The impression that suddenly the jack-in-the-antique box is up, is not based on facts," he said.
The scientist also released photographs of "ground zero" of the thermonuclear device, which showed that there was no crater after the explosion. There should have been a crater of 72 metres radius if the device had been successful, he said.
"This picture tells a story that we have to do more honest homework in the direction of improving our thermonuclear design," said Santhanam.
Asked if the depth of the shaft made a difference to the crater size, he indicated that while he could not reveal the exact measurements, it was sufficient to create a substantial crater.
Santhanam said that the radio-chemical analysis of the test was classified and had not been shared with the scientists.
Former science advisor to prime minister Indira Gandhi, Ashok Parthasarthi said by questioning the results "the intention was not to denigrate the nuclear weapons programme, but to set the matter right".
"We have to have a credible nuclear weapons deterrent. We have already lost time," said Parthasarthi, who was involved in Pokhran-1 test in 1974.
India tested five nuclear devices in May 1998, including the thermonuclear device.
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The problem with India, unlike China, US or UK is that neither our politicians nor our bureaucrats can be trusted. They do not think for India and as Indians. Where else in the world can you find a foreign lady making decisions affecting the very existence of such a vast nation? Any way now no use saying all this. It is too late !
By Mathew Philip
9/22/2009 12:56:00 AM
Steroid filled Vajpayee was under the control of the CIA agent Brjesh Misra. Misra in turn was under the control of the Rome plant Sonia as Brajesh's daughter is married to an Italian. So under American pressure Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam lied about the yields as 55 kt instead of the 12 kt yield. The second stage of the two-stage fusion assembly failed to ignite as planned. As K. Santhanam, was from another department, pointed the discrepancy in his confidential memo. This reminds me of the Pakis lying like hell about the no of blasts as six, where as it was only two. From DAE no one will raise the voice as most of the scientists and engineers are from south, and most of them are yes men. For the Tamilians, DAE is an employment exchange and majority of them are duds.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:18:00 PM
CBI tracked Rs 6.2 crore paid as bribes to defence by Verma. CIA product A.K. Anthony’s position as defense minister is to cover up the involvement of CIA operations in India and to stem investigation linking Sonia to the Scorpion deal kickback. Manmohan is linked to ISI from his days as the RBI governor when he allowed the ISI bank BCCI was allowed to open its branch in India in 1983. Manmohan was was inducted to congress by Indira for his links to ISI. Paki bank BCCI paid Indira and Manmohan. Google BCCI AFFAIR for details. In 1966 Sonia worked for ISI operative Salman Thassir in Londonas both Manmohan and Sonia are old sleepers of ISI CIA. Indira and Sonia were on the payroll of KGB also. Being ISI sleepers Sonia and Manmohan are allowing the 3 crore illegal muslims from Bangladesh and Paki terrorists to destroy India. The very recent incident of S S Paul, a christian at the National Security Council Secretariat, who spied for CIA, using a pen drive has rattled our nation
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:06:00 PM
CIA penetrated the IB, the R&AW and the National Security Council Secretariat. The CIA's moles in the NSCS have passed on hundreds of pages of classified information to an American woman CIA officer posted in the US Embassy in Delhi through pen drives. Verma, the spy in the Rs 18,789-crore Scorpene submarine deal, has now been charge sheeted under sections 3 and 9 of the Official Secrets Act. As per the CBI's chargesheet, Verma was "spying on behalf of several multinational firms" and was inciting defence personnel to spy on his behalf. While navy dismissed three officers without a showcause notice or a trial, no action was taken against the civilian recipients like Sonia Gandhi who collected the kickback on the submarine deal. The KGB, had bribed communists, Indira, ministers, 30 MPs,10 newspapers in India. KGB had deposited US $2 billion or Rs 9400 Crores in a Swiss bank in 1985 for Sonia as was reported in the Swiss mag.Schweitzer Illustrierte
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:00:00 PM
Muslim Nehru was a traitor who stole the Gandhi surname for his family. India survived the emergency of Indira who converted to Islam to marry a muslim Feroz Khan. Khan was not a Parsee but a muslim whose kabarstan was visited by his christian grandson Rahul Gandhi. Becasuse of Nehru, we have the muslim and christian terrorism.. Nehru’s sexual escapades have resulted in his blackmailing by the missionaries for free hand in North East and it resulted in christian terrorism and christian separatism in India. Nehru gave away Indus water to Pakis and we got just 16% of the water. Nehru lost land to China and Pakistan. He refused the UN security council membership when it was offered to India. He took Kashmir issue to UN and prevented our army to take it back on the orders of his concubine, Lady Moutbatten. Christian missionaries anti India propaganda and education, has resulted in a population with no patriotism.. Christians have planted Sonia Gandhi in Nehru family.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:48:00 PM
Earlier CIA had placed an American spy as English tutor for Sikkim prince who conveniently fell in love with and married the prince later. This was to make Sikkim an independent nation. It was detected by India in time. With the support of Christian Missionaries, terrorist organizations like NLFT and NSCN are spreading terror in parts of North-East India.and their gun point conversions are going on in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Meghalaya. Church and christians with the help of CIA is trying to breakup India. Christians are a fraud and indecent group in our national politics. Look at the 30 christian MPs and the number of christian ministers, Ajit Jogi, A.K.Anthony. Pranab Muckerjee, Oomman Chandy, , Ambika Soni, Oscar Fernandes etc.who is propagating minority policies to dismember India on the instructions of the Italian plant Sonia. PM Manmohan who is from Assam came to RS, is linked to ISI and CIA from 1983 and Sonia is linked to ISI from her London days.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:38:00 PM
Banned Christian terrorist org NSCN has its own government which collects money from the local people. One third of the salaries of the government servants are taken away as Nagaland Tax before disbursement. Most of the banks in Nagaland have closed down because of the huge sums extracted by this outfit. The letterheads and stamps of this unofficial government read 'Nagaland for Christ'. In March 10, 2005 about 30 communal christian MPs from across India met NSCN over dinner at a hotel in New Delhi to offer their support for 'Nagaland for Christ' as per senior NSCN leader V.S. Atem. Never in the history of India had the Christian MPs across India done this criminal act. They came out now in the open because the Italian christian Antonia Maino alias Sonia Gandhi who is ruling India with the help of her dummy Manmohan Singh.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:30:00 PM
From 1979 onwards Assam witnessed the birth of secessionist and separatist groups. Fissiparous tendencies grew in the entire region with the christian funding for conversion activities in NE states. CIA and Paki's ISI always work in close cooperation. Christians have become a serious threat to the integrity of India. Christian terrorists kill more hindus in India than the muslim terrorists. NE is in the grip of christian separatistism and get funds from West and get weapons from church. US president Carter on 20th February 2006 along with the US Senator Barbara Boxer was calling for Nagaland to secede from India. The presence of christian bureaucrats in the GOI cadre posted in NE is also helping the terrorists.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:27:00 PM
US. Ambassador David C Mulford in a letter dated 4-10-2004, to the Chief Ministers of Assam and Nagaland, saying that their FBI will investigate their serial bomb blasts without involving the central govt, and it was a blatant intervention in India's internal affairs by the USA. CM Gogoi initially wanted to take FBI's help. However, sharp reaction across the country against US interference, he backtracked. Mulford's direct offer to Assam Chief Minister was not only an interference by the United States in the internal affairs of India, it also exposed the double standards of the USA vis-a-vis the NE states.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:24:00 PM
US.spies and diplomats visit frequentlty NE states. With the help of the CIA agent Brajesh Mishra a 10-day exercise code-named Yudh Abhyas (War Exercises), involving a platoon of the Infantry Regiment of the U.S. Army and Indian Army, was held at Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) at Vairangte in Mizoram in March-April 2004. Later, exercises in unconventional operations and mock intelligence, counter-intelligence and psychological warfare in a simulated insurgency and terrorist environment was also taken up. India and the U.S. had their first joint military exercises at CIJWS in May 2002. US. Ambassador Robert Blackwill was the first foreigner to visit the strategic Nathu La in Sikkim along the India-China border on February 1, 2002. Blackwill also visited key military locations in the region, including the Headquarters of the 4 Corps of the Indian Army at Tezpur in Assam and 3 Corps at Dimapur in Nagaland responsible for guarding the border with China and Myanmar.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:22:00 PM
Declassified secret CIA reports had shown that an Indian cabinet minister, and a CIA operative, wrecked India's plan to annihilate Pakistan in 1971. CIA was involved in the case of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh incident. CIA was involved in the overthrowing of democratically elected Jacob Arbenz of Guatemala, in 1954. CIA helped “Papa Doc” Duvalier become dictator ofHaiti, in 1959. CIA assassinated Patrice Lumumba in Zaire, in 1961. Overthrown Prince Sihanouk Cambodia, in 1971 was by CIA. CIA overthrown and assassinated Salvador Allende of Chile, in 1973. Through the CIA, the U.S. has been perpetrating its hegemonic control over the world
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:20:00 PM
. USA wanted to create new nations out of India in NE. In 1978, a secret circular titled ‘Project Brahmaputra’ was sent by the United States Information Service (USIS) - which was reorganised as the United States International Communication Agency (USICA) - in New Delhi to USIS in Kolkata. The document said: "With the agreement of the State Department, the Special Operations Research Office (SORO) of the George Washington University has asked the U.S. outfits in India for help in conducting sociological research in the eastern states of India, including Sikkim as well as Bhutan. The aim of this research was to create new nations out of India. USIS wanted to mobilise its entire personnel working in the states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura along with local contract staff from students and educationalists, funded by USA. When this circular became public, it became clear that under the cover of research the US wants to dismember India to create new nations in NE.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:18:00 PM
Manmohan was taken in to Rao’s govt on the orders of CIA as per the book written by a Finance Minister of the West Bengal government. So is the case of Anthony who is a creation of CIA that funded the Kerala Vimochana Samaram through the churches against the first elected communist government. The christian Sunday school boys like Anthonyand Oomman Chandy have become leaders with CIA funding. Later the fake ISRO spy case created by CIA to delay our liquid propulsion engine development catapulled Anthony to the chief ministership of Kerala. Now the Rome planted Sonia had put him as our Defense minister to make USA our main weapons supplier, replacing Russia. Manmohan who is drawing three pensions including that from the world bank is not elected but planted as PM by USA. Traitor Manmohan is a CIA ISI asset like Sonia. Manmohan’s background much more sinister than that of AK Anthony or Sonia..Manmohan now sold our nuke programme to USA.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:07:00 PM
Santhanam should be hanged to death for anti national activities, what ever the merirs / de merits of Pokhran 2, santhanam and co have no business in voicing this in public. This is a private issue and not for the general public and the whole world, as it hugely compromises on national interests. Now the whole world knows that we do not have nuclear capability. If these scientists had been genuine they should have insisted on Pokhran 3. Death sentence to traitors like santhanam will act as an deterrent
By Krishnamachari MS
9/21/2009 9:35:00 PM
Where were you, Mr.Santhanam in 1998 and why did not you speak up then?Probably you were scared of losing a sinecure job? Now that you speak, what are you angling for?
By S.V.Ramanan
9/21/2009 9:21:00 PM
Like Pakis Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam lied. The yields was about 12 kt and not 55 kt as claimed by Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam. The second stage of the two-stage fusion assembly failed to ignite as planned. Vajpayee was a traitor. Dr. Subramanian Swamy in Dec 2001filed a Writ Petition in Delhi High Court with copies of the KGB documents sought CBI investigation and HC in May 2002 asked CBI to get from Russia the truth of bribery to Rajiv and Sonia. Minister of State for CBI, Vasundara Raje, had ordered the CBI investigation based on Dr.Swamy’s letter of 3-3-2001. Vajpayee was run by CIA agent BRAJESH MISHRA and cancelled Raje's direction to CBI. Vajpaye changed Indian law to enable Sonia to become an MP and deleted Section 5 of the original Act, of Govt to ensure reciprocity, with an amendment bill
By n Krishna
9/21/2009 8:02:00 PM
Pakis claimed that they conducted six tests to be one up on India’s five tests. But A.Q.Khan says Pakis tested only two devices in its 1998 tit for tat nuclear tests that followed India’s test. Western seismologists recorded only two signals for two and four kilotons bombs. Khan says Paki govt and military asked him to pass blue prints and equipment to China, Iran, North Korea, and Libya. Pakis helped China in enrichment technology in return for bomb blueprints. Pakis put up a centrifuge plant at Hanzhong which is 250km southwest of Xian. The Chinese gave Pakis, drawings of the nuclear weapon, 50kg of enriched uranium, 10 tons of UF6 (natural) and 5 tons of UF6 (3%). UF6 is uranium hexafluoride, the gaseous feedstock for an enrichment plan. Paki's nuclear program was overlooked by the US and Paki nuclear bomb was ready in 1983. A Q Khan said that Sri Lankan Muslims based in Dubai were suppliers of nuclear material and equipments not only to Pakistan but also to Iran and Libya.
IANS
First Published : 21 Sep 2009 07:19:16 PM IST
Last Updated : 21 Sep 2009 08:57:42 PM IST
NEW DELHI: Rebutting National Security Advisor M.K. Narayanan's assertions, K. Santhanam, the scientist who was involved in India's nuclear tests in 1998, Monday reiterated that the thermonuclear device exploded by India had not worked according to design expectations and showed photographs of the site that had no crater.
Santhanam, along with physicist Ashok Parthasarthi, had last week written an article in The Hindu newspaper that questioned the official version that India's May 1998 nuclear tests were a success.
The NSA told a television channel in an interview that Santhanam and other scientists had ulterior motives and they were not privy to the classified information to come to that conclusion.
"He is barking up the wrong tree," responded Santhanam at a media interaction at the Indian Women's Press Corps.
He said there were "several inaccuracies in that statement".
The scientist recalled that after the tests when they visited the shaft of the thermonuclear device at Pokhran in Rajasthan, it was found "by and large undamaged".
In contrast, the fission bomb explosion at the time which had a yield of 20-25 kiloton, left behind a large crater, he said.
He noted that there was immediate reservation among some scientists "whether the thermonuclear device had actually worked to design expectations".
A classified technical study report was submitted to the government towards 1998-end.
"Thereafter, a meeting was held in which scientists from DRDO and BARC participated. Despite fairly long discussions the two agencies agreed to disagree," said Santhanam.
The chairman of that meeting had said the matter would be taken to the minister concerned, who would charter the future course, Santhanam recounted.
He was answering a query on why he chose to go public after so many years. "The impression that suddenly the jack-in-the-antique box is up, is not based on facts," he said.
The scientist also released photographs of "ground zero" of the thermonuclear device, which showed that there was no crater after the explosion. There should have been a crater of 72 metres radius if the device had been successful, he said.
"This picture tells a story that we have to do more honest homework in the direction of improving our thermonuclear design," said Santhanam.
Asked if the depth of the shaft made a difference to the crater size, he indicated that while he could not reveal the exact measurements, it was sufficient to create a substantial crater.
Santhanam said that the radio-chemical analysis of the test was classified and had not been shared with the scientists.
Former science advisor to prime minister Indira Gandhi, Ashok Parthasarthi said by questioning the results "the intention was not to denigrate the nuclear weapons programme, but to set the matter right".
"We have to have a credible nuclear weapons deterrent. We have already lost time," said Parthasarthi, who was involved in Pokhran-1 test in 1974.
India tested five nuclear devices in May 1998, including the thermonuclear device.
Delicious
Digg
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Stumble
Comments
The problem with India, unlike China, US or UK is that neither our politicians nor our bureaucrats can be trusted. They do not think for India and as Indians. Where else in the world can you find a foreign lady making decisions affecting the very existence of such a vast nation? Any way now no use saying all this. It is too late !
By Mathew Philip
9/22/2009 12:56:00 AM
Steroid filled Vajpayee was under the control of the CIA agent Brjesh Misra. Misra in turn was under the control of the Rome plant Sonia as Brajesh's daughter is married to an Italian. So under American pressure Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam lied about the yields as 55 kt instead of the 12 kt yield. The second stage of the two-stage fusion assembly failed to ignite as planned. As K. Santhanam, was from another department, pointed the discrepancy in his confidential memo. This reminds me of the Pakis lying like hell about the no of blasts as six, where as it was only two. From DAE no one will raise the voice as most of the scientists and engineers are from south, and most of them are yes men. For the Tamilians, DAE is an employment exchange and majority of them are duds.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:18:00 PM
CBI tracked Rs 6.2 crore paid as bribes to defence by Verma. CIA product A.K. Anthony’s position as defense minister is to cover up the involvement of CIA operations in India and to stem investigation linking Sonia to the Scorpion deal kickback. Manmohan is linked to ISI from his days as the RBI governor when he allowed the ISI bank BCCI was allowed to open its branch in India in 1983. Manmohan was was inducted to congress by Indira for his links to ISI. Paki bank BCCI paid Indira and Manmohan. Google BCCI AFFAIR for details. In 1966 Sonia worked for ISI operative Salman Thassir in Londonas both Manmohan and Sonia are old sleepers of ISI CIA. Indira and Sonia were on the payroll of KGB also. Being ISI sleepers Sonia and Manmohan are allowing the 3 crore illegal muslims from Bangladesh and Paki terrorists to destroy India. The very recent incident of S S Paul, a christian at the National Security Council Secretariat, who spied for CIA, using a pen drive has rattled our nation
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:06:00 PM
CIA penetrated the IB, the R&AW and the National Security Council Secretariat. The CIA's moles in the NSCS have passed on hundreds of pages of classified information to an American woman CIA officer posted in the US Embassy in Delhi through pen drives. Verma, the spy in the Rs 18,789-crore Scorpene submarine deal, has now been charge sheeted under sections 3 and 9 of the Official Secrets Act. As per the CBI's chargesheet, Verma was "spying on behalf of several multinational firms" and was inciting defence personnel to spy on his behalf. While navy dismissed three officers without a showcause notice or a trial, no action was taken against the civilian recipients like Sonia Gandhi who collected the kickback on the submarine deal. The KGB, had bribed communists, Indira, ministers, 30 MPs,10 newspapers in India. KGB had deposited US $2 billion or Rs 9400 Crores in a Swiss bank in 1985 for Sonia as was reported in the Swiss mag.Schweitzer Illustrierte
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 11:00:00 PM
Muslim Nehru was a traitor who stole the Gandhi surname for his family. India survived the emergency of Indira who converted to Islam to marry a muslim Feroz Khan. Khan was not a Parsee but a muslim whose kabarstan was visited by his christian grandson Rahul Gandhi. Becasuse of Nehru, we have the muslim and christian terrorism.. Nehru’s sexual escapades have resulted in his blackmailing by the missionaries for free hand in North East and it resulted in christian terrorism and christian separatism in India. Nehru gave away Indus water to Pakis and we got just 16% of the water. Nehru lost land to China and Pakistan. He refused the UN security council membership when it was offered to India. He took Kashmir issue to UN and prevented our army to take it back on the orders of his concubine, Lady Moutbatten. Christian missionaries anti India propaganda and education, has resulted in a population with no patriotism.. Christians have planted Sonia Gandhi in Nehru family.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:48:00 PM
Earlier CIA had placed an American spy as English tutor for Sikkim prince who conveniently fell in love with and married the prince later. This was to make Sikkim an independent nation. It was detected by India in time. With the support of Christian Missionaries, terrorist organizations like NLFT and NSCN are spreading terror in parts of North-East India.and their gun point conversions are going on in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Meghalaya. Church and christians with the help of CIA is trying to breakup India. Christians are a fraud and indecent group in our national politics. Look at the 30 christian MPs and the number of christian ministers, Ajit Jogi, A.K.Anthony. Pranab Muckerjee, Oomman Chandy, , Ambika Soni, Oscar Fernandes etc.who is propagating minority policies to dismember India on the instructions of the Italian plant Sonia. PM Manmohan who is from Assam came to RS, is linked to ISI and CIA from 1983 and Sonia is linked to ISI from her London days.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:38:00 PM
Banned Christian terrorist org NSCN has its own government which collects money from the local people. One third of the salaries of the government servants are taken away as Nagaland Tax before disbursement. Most of the banks in Nagaland have closed down because of the huge sums extracted by this outfit. The letterheads and stamps of this unofficial government read 'Nagaland for Christ'. In March 10, 2005 about 30 communal christian MPs from across India met NSCN over dinner at a hotel in New Delhi to offer their support for 'Nagaland for Christ' as per senior NSCN leader V.S. Atem. Never in the history of India had the Christian MPs across India done this criminal act. They came out now in the open because the Italian christian Antonia Maino alias Sonia Gandhi who is ruling India with the help of her dummy Manmohan Singh.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:30:00 PM
From 1979 onwards Assam witnessed the birth of secessionist and separatist groups. Fissiparous tendencies grew in the entire region with the christian funding for conversion activities in NE states. CIA and Paki's ISI always work in close cooperation. Christians have become a serious threat to the integrity of India. Christian terrorists kill more hindus in India than the muslim terrorists. NE is in the grip of christian separatistism and get funds from West and get weapons from church. US president Carter on 20th February 2006 along with the US Senator Barbara Boxer was calling for Nagaland to secede from India. The presence of christian bureaucrats in the GOI cadre posted in NE is also helping the terrorists.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:27:00 PM
US. Ambassador David C Mulford in a letter dated 4-10-2004, to the Chief Ministers of Assam and Nagaland, saying that their FBI will investigate their serial bomb blasts without involving the central govt, and it was a blatant intervention in India's internal affairs by the USA. CM Gogoi initially wanted to take FBI's help. However, sharp reaction across the country against US interference, he backtracked. Mulford's direct offer to Assam Chief Minister was not only an interference by the United States in the internal affairs of India, it also exposed the double standards of the USA vis-a-vis the NE states.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:24:00 PM
US.spies and diplomats visit frequentlty NE states. With the help of the CIA agent Brajesh Mishra a 10-day exercise code-named Yudh Abhyas (War Exercises), involving a platoon of the Infantry Regiment of the U.S. Army and Indian Army, was held at Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) at Vairangte in Mizoram in March-April 2004. Later, exercises in unconventional operations and mock intelligence, counter-intelligence and psychological warfare in a simulated insurgency and terrorist environment was also taken up. India and the U.S. had their first joint military exercises at CIJWS in May 2002. US. Ambassador Robert Blackwill was the first foreigner to visit the strategic Nathu La in Sikkim along the India-China border on February 1, 2002. Blackwill also visited key military locations in the region, including the Headquarters of the 4 Corps of the Indian Army at Tezpur in Assam and 3 Corps at Dimapur in Nagaland responsible for guarding the border with China and Myanmar.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:22:00 PM
Declassified secret CIA reports had shown that an Indian cabinet minister, and a CIA operative, wrecked India's plan to annihilate Pakistan in 1971. CIA was involved in the case of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh incident. CIA was involved in the overthrowing of democratically elected Jacob Arbenz of Guatemala, in 1954. CIA helped “Papa Doc” Duvalier become dictator ofHaiti, in 1959. CIA assassinated Patrice Lumumba in Zaire, in 1961. Overthrown Prince Sihanouk Cambodia, in 1971 was by CIA. CIA overthrown and assassinated Salvador Allende of Chile, in 1973. Through the CIA, the U.S. has been perpetrating its hegemonic control over the world
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:20:00 PM
. USA wanted to create new nations out of India in NE. In 1978, a secret circular titled ‘Project Brahmaputra’ was sent by the United States Information Service (USIS) - which was reorganised as the United States International Communication Agency (USICA) - in New Delhi to USIS in Kolkata. The document said: "With the agreement of the State Department, the Special Operations Research Office (SORO) of the George Washington University has asked the U.S. outfits in India for help in conducting sociological research in the eastern states of India, including Sikkim as well as Bhutan. The aim of this research was to create new nations out of India. USIS wanted to mobilise its entire personnel working in the states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura along with local contract staff from students and educationalists, funded by USA. When this circular became public, it became clear that under the cover of research the US wants to dismember India to create new nations in NE.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:18:00 PM
Manmohan was taken in to Rao’s govt on the orders of CIA as per the book written by a Finance Minister of the West Bengal government. So is the case of Anthony who is a creation of CIA that funded the Kerala Vimochana Samaram through the churches against the first elected communist government. The christian Sunday school boys like Anthonyand Oomman Chandy have become leaders with CIA funding. Later the fake ISRO spy case created by CIA to delay our liquid propulsion engine development catapulled Anthony to the chief ministership of Kerala. Now the Rome planted Sonia had put him as our Defense minister to make USA our main weapons supplier, replacing Russia. Manmohan who is drawing three pensions including that from the world bank is not elected but planted as PM by USA. Traitor Manmohan is a CIA ISI asset like Sonia. Manmohan’s background much more sinister than that of AK Anthony or Sonia..Manmohan now sold our nuke programme to USA.
By n.krishna
9/21/2009 10:07:00 PM
Santhanam should be hanged to death for anti national activities, what ever the merirs / de merits of Pokhran 2, santhanam and co have no business in voicing this in public. This is a private issue and not for the general public and the whole world, as it hugely compromises on national interests. Now the whole world knows that we do not have nuclear capability. If these scientists had been genuine they should have insisted on Pokhran 3. Death sentence to traitors like santhanam will act as an deterrent
By Krishnamachari MS
9/21/2009 9:35:00 PM
Where were you, Mr.Santhanam in 1998 and why did not you speak up then?Probably you were scared of losing a sinecure job? Now that you speak, what are you angling for?
By S.V.Ramanan
9/21/2009 9:21:00 PM
Like Pakis Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam lied. The yields was about 12 kt and not 55 kt as claimed by Vajpayee, R Chidambaram and Kalam. The second stage of the two-stage fusion assembly failed to ignite as planned. Vajpayee was a traitor. Dr. Subramanian Swamy in Dec 2001filed a Writ Petition in Delhi High Court with copies of the KGB documents sought CBI investigation and HC in May 2002 asked CBI to get from Russia the truth of bribery to Rajiv and Sonia. Minister of State for CBI, Vasundara Raje, had ordered the CBI investigation based on Dr.Swamy’s letter of 3-3-2001. Vajpayee was run by CIA agent BRAJESH MISHRA and cancelled Raje's direction to CBI. Vajpaye changed Indian law to enable Sonia to become an MP and deleted Section 5 of the original Act, of Govt to ensure reciprocity, with an amendment bill
By n Krishna
9/21/2009 8:02:00 PM
Pakis claimed that they conducted six tests to be one up on India’s five tests. But A.Q.Khan says Pakis tested only two devices in its 1998 tit for tat nuclear tests that followed India’s test. Western seismologists recorded only two signals for two and four kilotons bombs. Khan says Paki govt and military asked him to pass blue prints and equipment to China, Iran, North Korea, and Libya. Pakis helped China in enrichment technology in return for bomb blueprints. Pakis put up a centrifuge plant at Hanzhong which is 250km southwest of Xian. The Chinese gave Pakis, drawings of the nuclear weapon, 50kg of enriched uranium, 10 tons of UF6 (natural) and 5 tons of UF6 (3%). UF6 is uranium hexafluoride, the gaseous feedstock for an enrichment plan. Paki's nuclear program was overlooked by the US and Paki nuclear bomb was ready in 1983. A Q Khan said that Sri Lankan Muslims based in Dubai were suppliers of nuclear material and equipments not only to Pakistan but also to Iran and Libya.
Thursday, September 17, 2009
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
British tried to portray the Indian decolonization and militarization movement (represented by Sikhi) as a variant of Islam, in order to control the native resurgence. Khushwant Singh is a mere casualty of that game. Seculars think they can control use Sunni threat to control the Hindus as the British did in the past.
Thursday, September 3, 2009
These comments are about: The Danger of Hindu Christian Riots in Andhra
| Srno | Comment on Current Thread |
| 4 | S. Singh at 03:31 Today : Let me explain exactly who is this jeebus.... for your benefit......... lost child.... Jesus is the alterego of the Roman Emperor Titus Flavius who destroyed the Jewish Temple in 66 AD in the First Roman Jewish War. To eliminate the Jewish Resistance, Titus Flavius donned the mantle of the Jewish Messiah and instructed his intellectual circle to produce the Gospels (written in koine Greek) in which Jesus "Predicted" the destruction of the temple by the Son of God. This "prediction" was actually "fulfilled" by Titus when he razed the Temple. Titus, as recorded in josephus, drove 2000 jewish rebels in the sea. Jesus drove 2000 swine into the sea. Titus thrashed the jews in their won temple. Jesus thrashed the Jews in their own temple and called them vipers. titus witnessed a mother mary consume her son during his seige of Jerusalem. Jesus, son of mary, offered his body to be consumed at Jerusaleam, plus he himself got sacrificed as a sacrificial lamb during the passover week. That is, the Jewish messiah, who was suppose to deliver the Jews, himself got sacrificed as a passover meal!!! Titus witnessed the crucifixion of three at Thecoe (inquiring mind) whilke jesus was crucified among three at Golgotha (Empty Skull). Jesus" and Titus" lives are mirror images!! the Gospels are the mirror images of Josephus" War of the Jews!! This is very transparent war propaganda against the Jewish subjects of the Empire. This also explains the v close congruence between western imperialism and the spiritual imperialism of Christianity. So, lost child, you should definitely give up this hoax of a "religion" called christianity. It is an effront to your brave ancestors who kept your great hindu culture alive for millenia. |
| 3 | S. Singh at 03:04 Today : hey you, do you realize that Christianity is the darkness of sin. Christianity has murdered off countless cultures pursuing an image of a hoax. Jesus is the white man"s hoax . return to your ancestral ways. don"t make yourself suffer through the jesus hoax |
| 2 | JAI LORD CHRIST at 02:17 Today : JAI CHRISTIANITY |
| 1 | Truth Speaks on Oct-23 : Very detailed information about how many Hindus are being converted into Christianity using Hindu Temple money(In AP, Hindu temple money goes to the state government, then in turn government gives free money to Jerusalem Christian pilgrimage, Churches, Haj, Imam salaries and renovation and building of new mosques). Hindus should stop donating to temples and help other Hindus in need directly. |
Saturday, August 29, 2009
This joker is a rabid anti-hindu communist but still he has a point, i wonder where he plagiarized from.
Temptations of the West: How to Be Modern in India, Pakistan and Beyond
by Pankaj Mishra
247pp, Picador, £16.99
When the divisions of the cold war were still in place, communist regimes were seen as belonging to an eastern bloc that stood apart from the main body of western civilisation. Given that they were attempts to implement a quintessentially western dream, this was a curious view. Far from being anti-western, communism was hyper-western. Stalinism and Maoism were not versions of oriental despotism - as generations of western scholars have maintained. They were the result of a utopian experiment that aimed to realise the most radical ideals of the European enlightenment. The current view of Islam as being somehow anti-western is just as unreal. In terms of its basic picture of the world Islam belongs in the western tradition of monotheism, and radical Islam is in many ways a hybrid offshoot of Leninism and anarchism - also western ideologies. Like Soviet Russia and Maoist China, Islamist movements owe more to the modern west than we - or they - care to admit.
Tuesday, August 25, 2009
Balagangadhara
The Heathen in his Blindness
Dr. S.N. Balagangadhara is director of the Research centre Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap (Comparative science of cultures) at Ghent University, Belgium. Balagangadhara argues that the classic view of cultural differences is the product of the social sciences, that is, this view originates in the way how Western culture has described the world and itself. Characteristic of the West's understanding of cultural differences is the assumption that all other cultures are constituted by religion or worldview, and that cultural differences are the expression of a difference of beliefs. He argues that this understanding is rooted in Christian theology, and that it is not a valid hypothesis for the scientific study of cultures. The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). ... The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...
Contents |
The Heathen in his Blindness
Contrary to the classic view of religious studies that recognises Western and Eastern religions, Balagangadhara offers a fundamental rethinking of the entity 'religion'. It could be said that Balagangadhara argues that there is a fundamental, paradigmatic difference between Abrahamic religion and non-Abrahamic entities, in the sense that the former generates a culture shaped by religion and the latter generates a culture shaped by ritual. Religious studies is the multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion. ... Religions, sects and denominations Note that the classification hereunder is only one of several possible. ... Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm (IPA: ) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ... Abrahamic religions is a term used in the study of comparative religion to describe those religions deriving from a common ancient Semitic tradition and traced by their adherents to Abraham, a patriarch whose life is narrated in the Hebrew Bible, and who is also important in the New Testament, and... A ritual is a formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. ...
These are some of the theses he tries to account for in his book "The Heathen in his Blindness" (1994):
- Religion is an account of the Cosmos that claims to be handed over to mankind by the Creator of the Cosmos. It is an explanatory account of the Cosmos in the sense that it claims that the universe is caused by God. But religion is more than a causal explanation of the universe. It is an account that makes the universe intelligible, that is, religion makes the universe into the embodiment of Gods Will. The universe (including all events) is not only caused by God, it is also the purpose of God: things do not only happen because God caused them, but because Gods wants them to happen. Or, in other words, things do not just happen, they happen because they were intended to happen.
- Hence, to be religious requires more than the belief in God as the Creator of the universe, it requires faith in Gods Will as embodying the purpose of the universe.
- As an an explanatorily intelligible account of the universe religion turns the universe into such an entity. It inculcates the experience of the universe as embodying a particular kind of order. This order is hidden and consists of the fact that phenomena express a deep underlying constancy. This constancy is the Will of the Creator.
- When religion states that everything in the universe is the expression of Gods purpose, this also holds for itself. In other words, religion is what it says about the universe and about itself. For humans this poses the problem of circularity - what someone says about himself is not necessarily what he is - but not for religion. Indeed, religion is not part of human reasoning, but an expression of the Will of the Creator. Hence, when studying religion human beings can not accept religion's self-description, or they will be engaging in theology. This is precisely what has happened in the study of religion untill now: the study of religion(s) has been fundamentally shaped by the Christian religion's self-description. The language of religion - Christian theology - has become the language in which is spoken of all cultures, and their "religions": religion has become its own meta-language.
- As fundamentally requiring belief and faith, religion shapes our goings about in the world: it makes us see actions as expressions of belief. In this way, religion creates a specific way of going about in the world, and of learning to go about: religion generates a configuration of learning. It teaches (the need) to know before one acts: as creatures (of God) one can not just act, one needs to know about the world (or about Gods intentions with His Creation) before one can act. The underlying idea is that acts have to be coherent with what there is in the world - one has to be true to his faith, one has to enact the Word.
- As embodying the Will of the Creator religion must become universal. Hence, religion is destined to proselytize. However, religion must also secularize. To accomplish its mission for mankind religion must not only spread horizontally, but also 'vertically'. Religion needs to acquire a less abstract form, it has to secularize its religious way of going about in the world. In short, the univerzalisation of religion is propelled by both proselytization and secularization. Balagangadhara calls this the double dynamic of religion.
- Secularism is a typically Western, religious entity: it arose in the West in the context of rejection of the religious command that mortals should submit to Gods Wil. Moreover, secularism built extensively on the critiques of Catholic practice by the Protestant Reformation, and on the latter Protestant work ethic. True to the religious way of going about, Protestantism(s) accused Catholicism of having a false religious practice, that is, they were accused of having a practice that is not in accordance with true faith, i.e. with Gods Will as revealed in His Word. Protestantism(s) proceeded then to reform this false practice and proclaimed its/their own practice as the true Christian faith. Secularization then further de-Christianized Protestant faith and enabled religion to take another step towards universalization.
- Not having received the explanatorily intelligible account of the Cosmos from the Creator, whatever there exist in the east are not religions. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, though it is said they are religions, don't exist in India. They are products of Western academics and missionaries who took the religious account of the Cosmos for universal truth: as religion states that the whole universe is created by God, this implies that religion is a cultural universal. Yet, this reasoning is part of the account that is religion, and belongs exclusively to Abrahamic entities.
- Religion is an entity that is not proper to Asia. The Hindu, Buddhist and Jain way of going about in the world was not shaped by an explanatorily intelligible account of the Cosmos or by a religious configuration of learning, but by the description of the Cosmos as ritual, offers Balagangadhara.
- (Comparative) Religious studies can only have Abrahamic religions as their object of study: religious studies dealing with non-Abrahamic cultures are de facto theological. To break out of this theological trap, the study of different societies will have to be pursued from the viewpoint of culture, taking into account that some peoples' culture is shaped by the dynamic of religion, and other peoples' culture is not.
The cosmos is thought of as an orderly or harmonious system. ... The creator god is the divine being that created the universe, according to various traditions and faiths. ... A causal system is a system that depends only on the current and previous inputs. ... Purpose is deliberately thought-through goal-directedness. ... Look up belief in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article discusses faith in a religious context. ... Metalanguage can refer to: An intermediate step in the compilation/assembly/interpreting process. ... The English language word proselytism is derived ultimately from the Greek language prefix pros (towards) and the verb erchomai (to come). ... Secularization is a contentious term because the concept of secularization can be confused with secularism, a philosophical and political movement that promotes the idea that society benefits by being less religious, whereas the opposing view is that the values and beliefs implicit in religions support a more moral and, therefore... The English language word proselytism is derived ultimately from the Greek language prefix pros (towards) and the verb erchomai (to come). ... Secularization is a contentious term because the concept of secularization can be confused with secularism, a philosophical and political movement that promotes the idea that society benefits by being less religious, whereas the opposing view is that the values and beliefs implicit in religions support a more moral and, therefore... // Definition Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that life can be best lived by applying ethics, and the universe best understood, by processes of reasoning, without reference to a god or gods or other supernatural concepts. ... // History and origins Roots and precursors 14th Century and 15th Century Anti-hierarchical movements: Catharism, Waldensianism, and others Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity of the Church), Avignon, Great Schism Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, William Tyndale Northern Renaissance Unrest in the Western Church and Empire culminated in the Avignon Papacy (1308 - 1378... The Protestant work ethic — also known as the Puritan work ethic — is a biblically based teaching on the necessity of hard work, perfection and the goodness of labor. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... Hinduism (सनातन धर�म; also known as San�tana Dharma, and Vaidika-Dharma) is a worldwide religious tradition that is based on teachings of the Veda scriptures. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddh�rtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. Buddhism gradually spread from... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... An Abrahamic religion (also referred to as desert monotheism) is any religion derived from an ancient Semitic tradition attributed to Abraham, a great patriarch described in the Torah, the Bible and the Quran. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia, defined by subtracting Europe from Eurasia. ... A ritual is a formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. ... Religious studies is the multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion. ... An Abrahamic religion (also referred to as desert monotheism) is any religion derived from an ancient Semitic tradition attributed to Abraham, a great patriarch described in the Torah, the Bible and the Quran. ...
References
- S.N. Balagangadhara "The Heathen in his Blindness...". Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion., Manohar Books (2nd edition), New Delhi, 2005. ISBN 8-17-304608-5
- Cultural Dynamics: Symposium Volume S.N. Balagangadhara, "The Heathen in his Blindness..." : Asia, The West and the Dynamic of Religion. Sage Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), 8/2 (1996). ISSN 0921-3740 (contributions by Vivek Dhareshwar, Philip C. Almond, David Loy, David A. Pailin, Henry Rosemont Jr., Narahari Rao)
- Will Sweetman "Hinduism" and the history of "religion": Protestant presuppositions in the critique of the concept of Hinduism', Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 15/4 (2003); 'Unity and Plurality: Hinduism and the Religions of India in Early European Scholarship', Religion, 31/3 (2001); The prehistory of Orientalism: colonialism and the textual basis for Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's account of Hinduism', New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 6/2 (2004).
- Brian K. Pennington "Was Hinduism invented?" Britons, Indians and the Colonial Construction of Religion. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2005. ISBN 0-19-516655-8
- J. Jayakiran Sebastian Conversion and its Discontents, Bangalore Theological Forum, 22/1 (2000).£
- Jakob De Roover An Unhappy Lover of Theology: Feuerbach and Contemporary Religious Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 71/3 (2003)
- Arvind Sharma (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) An Indic Contribution Towards an Understanding of the Word "Religion" and the Concept of Religious Freedom
- Vincent Geoghegan (Queen's University, Belfast, Ireland) Utopia and the Memory of Religion
See also
- Religion
- Comparing Eastern and Western religious traditions
- Religious studies
- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
- Secularization
- Secularism
- Post-colonialism
Secularization is a contentious term because the concept of secularization can be confused with secularism, a philosophical and political movement that promotes the idea that society benefits by being less religious, whereas the opposing view is that the values and beliefs implicit in religions support a more moral and, therefore... // Definition Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that life can be best lived by applying ethics, and the universe best understood, by processes of reasoning, without reference to a god or gods or other supernatural concepts. ... Post-colonialism (also known as post-colonial theory, or post-oriental theory) refers to a set of theories in continental philosophy and literature that grapple with the legacy of 19th century British and French colonial rule. ...
External links
- S.N. Balagangadhara "On Colonial Experience and the Indian Renaissance"
- Research centre Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap (Comparative science of cultures)
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